A few years ago, companies heavily leaned on the traditional security model based on the perimeter to safeguard their networks, systems, and confidential information. Yet, this approach is no longer sufficient owing to the sophisticated methods of modern-day attacks, such as advanced persistent threats, application-layer DDoS attacks, and zero-day vulnerabilities. Therefore, many organizations are embracing the zero trust strategy, a security model built on the premise that trust should never be assumed, regardless of whether a device or user is within or outside the organization’s network.
Although zero trust offers a more proactive security strategy, implementing it poses numerous obstacles that can compromise an organization’s security even before it is fully implemented.
The fundamental elements of zero trust include restricted access policies, network segmentation, and access control. While adopting best practices can enhance the conduct of your staff members, technologies like device trust solutions can secure access to safeguarded applications, creating a robust security framework for an organization.
Comprehending zero trust
Zero trust is more than just a collection of tools or specific technology. It embodies a security philosophy that revolves around the core concept of never automatically trusting any user or system, regardless of their location within or outside the corporate network. In a zero trust environment, trust is only established once the identity and security status of a user or device are verified. Thus, zero trust strives to bolster security by emphasizing continuous verification and stringent access restrictions.
See: Suggestions for Enforcing Zero Trust Security in a Hybrid Cloud Environment (TechRepublic Forums)
Another crucial aspect of the zero trust approach is its reliance on the principle of least privilege, which dictates that users and systems should hold the minimum necessary access level to execute their duties. By employing this approach, the attack surface is reduced, thereby limiting the potential harm posed by a compromised user or device.
Key elements of zero trust
Highlighted below are some crucial elements of zero trust and recommended practices to maximize their effectiveness.
Access control
Access control entails managing who can access resources within an organization’s network. Here are some effective practices for robust access control:
- Deploy robust authentication: Implementing robust multifactor authentication mechanisms ensures that users are authenticated before gaining access to resources within a network. A robust MFA typically involves a blend of two or more authentication methods, such as password, facial recognition, mobile authenticator, or biometric checks.
- Utilize OAuth tools: Enhance zero trust access control by leveraging OAuth (Open Authorization) tools. OAuth, an open standard for access delegation, offers a secure way for users to grant limited access to their resources to third-party applications and sites without sharing their credentials.
- Integrate device trust solutions: Device trust solutions serve as an additional layer of protection between devices and corporate applications, integrating seamlessly with OAuth tools to ensure user identity and device security during the authentication process.
- Implement role-based access management: RBAC is a vital aspect of access control that involves assigning permissions based on roles rather than individuals. With RBAC, managing access throughout the organization becomes more streamlined, ensuring that employees are granted specific permissions according to their job roles.
- Monitor user actions: Continuous monitoring of user activities is essential to detect anomalies and potential security breaches. Utilizing solutions for user behavior analytics can aid in identifying irregular behavior patterns that may signal a security risk.
Principle of least privilege
The principle of least privilege stresses that users and systems should hold only the minimal level of access necessary to fulfill their responsibilities. Below are the best practices for implementing the principle of least privilege:
- Default-deny access: Establishing a default-deny policy ensures that access is initially denied and only granted upon successful verification.
- Consistently assess and update access privileges: A sound least privilege technique involves the review and inspection of user access to organizational assets to ensure authorizations are congruent with job functions and duties. This practice also involves withdrawing access when an employee exits the organization or no longer requires it.
- Enforce segmentation: Dividing the network into separated zones or microsegments can restrict the lateral movement of attackers within the network. Each zone should permit entry to specified resources only as necessary.
- Minimum privilege for administrators: Administrators are not exempt from the least privilege rule. Therefore, actions must be taken to ensure that the least privilege principle penetrates administrative accounts. This measure can help prevent insider attacks.
Access rights are provided. This method decreases the vulnerable area and guarantees that no unnecessary privileges are granted.
Confidential data safety
The zero trust framework also emphasizes the need to secure sensitive data, both at rest and in transit, to prevent unauthorized access and data breaches. Here is how your organization can implement data safeguarding:
- Adopt robust encryption: Employ robust encryption protocols utilizing top-tier encryption utilities. Encryption should encompass data housed on servers, databases, or devices, as well as data transmitted over networks. Utilize industry-standard encryption algorithms and confirm encryption keys are securely managed using an encryption administration tool that offers centralized control.
- Data categorization: Data assets must be categorized according to their sensitivity and relevance to the organization. Employ access controls and encryption based on data classification. Not every data type necessitates the same level of safeguarding, so allocate resources based on their significance.
- Deploy data loss prevention: Utilize DLP solutions to supervise and avert the unauthorized sharing or leakage of sensitive data. Hence, even if a user attains unauthorized access to your organization’s data, DLP provides a means of recognizing and obstructing sensitive data transmissions, whether deliberate or accidental.
- Ensure secure backup and restoration: Vital data should be routinely backed up. Additionally, guarantee that backups are securely stored and encrypted at all times. Remember to have a strong data recovery strategy in place to alleviate the repercussions of data breaches or data loss occurrences.
Network isolation
Enforcing network segmentation is another approach for your organization to bolster zero trust integration. Network segmentation involves fragmenting an organization’s network into smaller, isolated segments or zones to diminish the vulnerable area. The suggestions below can streamline the process:
- Opt for microsegmentation: Instead of constructing extensive, comprehensive segments, contemplate implementing microsegmentation, which entails dividing the network into smaller, more detailed segments. With this technique, each segment is segregated and can have its specific security protocols and controls. It also grants granular control over access and diminishes the impact of a breach by confining it within a smaller network segment.
- Implement zero trust network access: ZTNA solutions enforce stringent access restrictions based on user identity, device status, and contextual factors. ZTNA ensures that users and devices can solely access the specific network segments and resources they are sanctioned to utilize.
- Apply segmentation for remote entry: Execute segmentation for remote access in a manner that gives remote users access solely to the resources essential for their assignments.
How to establish zero trust security in 8 stages
Having comprehended the fundamental elements of zero-trust security, here is an overview of eight stages you can adopt for a successful implementation of zero-trust security in your organization.
Phase 1. Define the attack front
The attack surface denotes the avenues through which unauthorized access might transpire. Identifying the attack surface should be the foremost item on your zero-trust security strategy checklist.
Commence by recognizing your organization’s most vital data, applications, assets, and services. These components are the most probable targets for attackers and should be prioritized for protection.
It is advised to initiate by compiling an inventory of the DAAS and categorizing them based on their sensitivity and criticality to business operations. The most crucial element should be the primary recipient of security measures.
SEE: Zero Trust Access for Dummies (TechRepublic)
Step 2. Plot your data flow and transactions
To safeguard data and applications, comprehending their interactions is essential. Chart the data flow among applications, services, devices, and users throughout your network, whether internal or external. This provides insight into how data is accessed and where potential vulnerabilities may exist.
Subsequently, document each route through which data traverses the network and between users or devices. This process will dictate the regulations that govern network isolation and access management.
Phase 3. Formulate a micro-segmentation plan
Micro-segmentation, in this context, involves dividing your network into smaller zones, each with unique security controls. By micro-segmenting your network, you enhance the likelihood of confining lateral movement within the network. Hence, in the event of unauthorized access by attackers, their movement to other areas is hindered.
Utilize software-defined networking tools and firewalls to establish isolated segments within your network, based on the data’s sensitivity and the flow mapped in step 2.
Step 4. Enact robust authentication for access management
To guarantee that only authorized users can access specific resources, utilize robust authentication techniques. MFA is critical in zero trust as it introduces verification layers beyond passwords, such as biometrics or one-time passwords.
To achieve a safer environment, I recommend deploying MFA across all critical systems and deploying stronger methods like biometrics or hardware tokens where feasible. Ensure MFA is mandatory for both internal and external users accessing sensitive DAAS.
SEE: How to Create an Effective Cybersecurity Awareness Program (TechRepublic Premium)
Step 5. Establish least privilege entry
Least privilege entry implies users should only possess access to the data and resources essential for their duties — no more. An effective approach is to implement just-in-time access to all resources and achieve zero persistent privileges in your most sensitive environments.
This decreases the likelihood of inadvertent or malicious misuse of data. You can also devise role-based access control systems to precisely define and enforce authorizations based on users’ roles and tasks. Continually evaluate and withdraw access when unnecessary.
Step 6. Instigate monitoring and inspection mechanisms
Maintenance is pivotal in zero trust as it furnishes real-time insight into all traffic within your network, enabling swift detection of anomalous activities. To accomplish this, leverage continuous network monitoring.strategies, such as tools for managing security information and events or advanced firewalls, to scrutinize and record all data flows. Additionally, establish notifications for peculiar activities and conduct routine scrutiny of the records.
Step 7. Evaluate the efficiency of your zero-trust approach
Security is dynamic. Consistent evaluations ensure that your zero trust plan continues to safeguard your developing network and technology. This involves testing authorization controls, revising security guidelines, and routinely reviewing DAAS. Initiate by conducting regular audits and security evaluations, which include penetration testing, to identify vulnerabilities in your zero-trust deployment. Modify your directives as your enterprise expands or integrates new technologies.
Step 8. Provide training to employees on zero-trust security
Personnel are frequently the most fragile component in security. A well-informed workforce is vital to the success of zero trust, as human mistakes like falling for phishing attempts or mishandling confidential information can lead to security breaches. Hence, establish an exhaustive security training program that educates staff on their responsibilities in sustaining zero trust, encompassing topics like appropriate password practices, safe usage of personal gadgets, and recognizing phishing schemes.
Top zero trust security solutions in 2024
Several providers of security solutions presently include zero trust as part of their offerings. Here’s a glimpse at some of the leading zero trust security solutions I endorse for 2024, detailing their strong points and suitable user profiles.
Kolide: Leading zero-trust solution prioritizing end-user privacy
Kolide emphasizes that zero trust operates effectively when it respects the confidentiality of end-users. The offering delivers a more sophisticated approach to controlling and enforcing policies on sensitive data. Administrators can utilize Kolide to run queries that pinpoint crucial company data and then flag gadgets that violate these policies.
An aspect of Kolide zero-trust solution that stands out to me is its verification system. By integrating device compliance into the authentication process, Kolide ensures that users cannot access cloud applications if their gadgets do not comply with the standards.
In addition to not burdening IT professionals with additional tasks, Kolide provides instructions so that users can resolve their issues independently.
Zscaler: Ideal for large corporations
Zscaler stands out as one of the most inclusive zero-trust security platforms, featuring a complete cloud-native structure.
Artificial intelligence is used by Zscaler to authenticate user identities, evaluate destinations, gauge risks, and enforce policies before establishing a secure link between the user, application, or device and an application across any network. Zscaler excels in secure web gateways, cloud firewalls, data loss prevention, sandboxing, and SSL inspection.
While Zscaler is suitable for large organizations with hybrid or multi-cloud infrastructures, one aspect that I find unappealing about the service is that the Zscaler Private Access feature is accessible in fewer regions than the advertised 150 Points of Presence. Moreover, a consultation is required for pricing, and there is no provision for a trial.
StrongDM: Perfect for DevOps units
StrongDM concentrates on streamlining secure access to databases, servers, and Kubernetes clusters through a unified platform. StrongDM’s Continuous Zero Trust Authorization establishes adaptable security measures that adjust in real-time based on emerging threats.
Employ StrongDM’s single control hub for privileged access throughout your corporation’s varied infrastructure. Noteworthy features of the StrongDM solution include an Advanced Strong Policy Engine and Enhanced Control via Contextual Signals. StrongDM is particularly suitable for businesses with DevOps teams or heavy reliance on infrastructure.
I appreciate that the solution offers immediate responses to security threats, simplified compliance reporting, and a 14-day free trial. However, StrongDM’s pricing is notably high, starting at $70 per user per month, despite supporting all resource types. The primary drawback is that it is solely available as a SaaS service and necessitates ongoing access to the StrongDM API for managing resources.
Twingate: Suited for small to medium-sized enterprises prioritizing remote operations
Twingate enables the preservation of private resources and internet traffic with zero trust, without relying on traditional VPNs. The solution enforces least-privilege access policies using access filters, ensuring that users only possess permissions to execute specific tasks within applications.
A feature of Twingate that I find appealing is its uncomplicated setup process. It does not necessitate alterations to your network infrastructure, such as IP addresses or firewall rules. Twingate also integrates seamlessly with popular identity provisioning services, device management platforms, security information, and event management systems, as well as DNS over HTTPS.services.
Though I am not fond of the limitation where the command line interface caters exclusively to Linux users, the 14-day free trial compensates for that within its tiered pricing structure.
JumpCloud Open Directory Platform: Ideal for enterprises with a diverse device ecosystem
JumpCloud’s Open Directory Platform enables you to securely grant users in your network access to over 800 pre-built connectors. It merges identity and device management within a unified zero trust platform. The cloud-based Open Directory Platform by JumpCloud offers an integrated interface for managing server, device, and user identities across various operating systems. This encompasses advanced security functionalities like single sign-on, conditional access, and passwordless authentication.
Considering its capacity to integrate with popular tools and services such as Microsoft 360, AWS Identity Center, Google Workspace, HRIS platforms, Active Directory, and network infrastructure resources, I believe JumpCloud is best suited for companies with diverse device ecosystems.
Even though JumpCloud Open Directory pricing may not be the most economical in the market, the 30-day free trial it offers sets the solution apart from similar products.
Okta Identity Cloud: Perfect for enterprises placing emphasis on identity security
With its single sign-on, multi-factor authentication, and adaptive access controls, Okta is a trusted solution for organizations focusing on identity-first security.
Okta’s MFA feature supports contemporary access and authentication methods like Windows Hello and Apple TouchID. One drawback of leveraging Okta Identity Cloud is its pricing, which may escalate to $15 per user per month as you opt to add features individually. However, it does provide a 30-day free trial and a user self-service portal to streamline end-user setup.
Adopting the Zero Trust Approach
Putting zero trust into practice is not a one-time event but rather an ongoing process. It involves a blend of technology, policies, and cultural shifts within an organization. While the guiding principles remain constant, the tools and strategies employed for implementing zero trust will differ based on your organization’s infrastructure and requirements. Key elements of your zero trust approach should include MFA, IAM, network micro-segmentation, continuous monitoring, and rigorous access controls following the principle of least privilege.
Furthermore, the cultural transition towards zero trust mandates that security is not solely the responsibility of the IT department but is integrated into your organization’s overarching strategy. All employees should receive training and understand their part in upholding security standards, ranging from adhering to password policies to reporting any suspicious activities. Ultimately, cross-department collaboration is imperative for the success of a zero-trust model.
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